Room-Temperature Quantum Computing: The Revolution You Can Build at Home

The Billion-Dollar Lie: Quantum Computing Doesn't Need to Cost Millions

Every article you read about quantum computing tells you the same story: these machines require billion-dollar facilities, temperatures colder than outer space, and armies of PhD scientists to operate.

What if I told you that's only one way to build a quantum computer?

This is Part 1 of a 4-part series where we'll explore room-temperature quantum computing using NV-center diamond technology - a revolutionary approach that could put quantum processors in the hands of hobbyists, startups, and educational institutions for under $5,000.

---

Part 1: The Problem with Current Quantum Computers

The Cryogenic Nightmare

Today's quantum computers from IBM, Google, and others have a fundamental problem: they require temperatures of approximately 15 millikelvin - that's 0.015 degrees above absolute zero (-273.135°C).

Temperature Comparison
======================

Your freezer:            -18°C
Antarctica record:       -89°C
Outer space:            -270°C
Surface of Pluto:       -233°C
Superconducting qubit:  -273.135°C ← 15 millikelvin!

The quantum processor is COLDER than the vacuum of space.

Why This Matters

This extreme temperature requirement creates cascading problems:

Cryogenic Requirements Impact
=============================

COST
────
Dilution refrigerator:     $500,000 - $2,000,000
Liquid helium (annual):    $50,000 - $200,000
Building/infrastructure:   $10,000,000+
Specialized personnel:     $500,000+ per year
Total 5-year cost:         $20,000,000 - $100,000,000

ACCESSIBILITY
─────────────
Universities that can afford this:    < 100 worldwide
Countries with programs:              < 20
Startups that can bootstrap:          ~0
Individual researchers:               Impossible

PRACTICALITY
────────────
Cooling time to operate:             24-48 hours
Uptime after issues:                 Days to weeks
Size of cooling apparatus:           Room-sized
Power consumption:                   10-25 kW continuous

This creates a fundamental barrier: quantum computing becomes accessible only to well-funded research institutions and major corporations.

---

Part 2: The Early Computer Analogy

We've seen this pattern before.

ENIAC to MacBook: The Democratization of Computing

In 1945, ENIAC was the world's most powerful computer. Let's compare:

ENIAC (1945)           →    Modern Laptop (2026)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════
Room-sized (167m²)     →    Fits in a backpack
18,000 vacuum tubes    →    50+ billion transistors
150,000 watts          →    15 watts
$500,000 ($7M today)   →    $500
Team of operators      →    Anyone can use it
One existed            →    4 billion in use

The key insight: Every transformative technology goes through this democratization cycle.

Current Quantum → Future Quantum

Current Quantum Computers    →    Future Room-Temp Quantum
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Cryogenic (-273°C)          →    Room temperature (20-30°C)
$100M+ facilities           →    $2,000-5,000
Dedicated buildings         →    Desktop or tabletop
PhD teams required          →    Garage buildable
Massive corporations only   →    Startups and hobbyists

The technology that makes this possible? Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond.

---

Part 3: Room-Temperature Quantum Approaches

Not all quantum systems require cryogenic cooling. Several approaches work at room temperature:

Comparison of Room-Temperature Approaches

Room-Temperature Quantum Technologies
=====================================

1. NV-CENTERS IN DIAMOND (Our Focus)
   ─────────────────────────────────
   Qubit type:     Electron spin
   Temperature:    Room temp (even up to 80°C!)
   Coherence:      ~2 ms (natural), ~1.8 s (isotopic)
   Readout:        Optical (green laser → red fluorescence)
   Control:        Microwave pulses (2.87 GHz)
   Scalability:    Challenging but improving
   Cost:           $2,000 - $5,000
   Maturity:       High (decades of research)

   ✓ Best for: Learning, research, single-qubit demos
   ✓ Advantage: Most accessible, well-understood

2. PHOTONIC QUANTUM COMPUTING
   ───────────────────────────
   Qubit type:     Photon polarization/path
   Temperature:    Room temp
   Coherence:      Limited by optical path
   Readout:        Photon detectors
   Control:        Beam splitters, phase shifters
   Scalability:    Promising (PsiQuantum, Xanadu)
   Cost:           $10,000+ for meaningful systems
   Maturity:       Medium-high

   ✓ Best for: Quantum communication, networking
   ✓ Advantage: Natural for quantum internet

3. MOLECULAR SPIN QUBITS
   ──────────────────────
   Qubit type:     Electron/nuclear spin
   Temperature:    Some work at room temp
   Coherence:      Varies widely
   Readout:        Often requires cooling
   Control:        Microwave/RF pulses
   Scalability:    Research stage
   Cost:           Variable
   Maturity:       Early

   ✓ Best for: Chemical sensing, research
   ✓ Advantage: Highly tunable chemistry

4. TRAPPED IONS (Warm, Not Room Temp)
   ───────────────────────────────────
   Qubit type:     Atomic ion states
   Temperature:    ~0°C (cold but not cryogenic)
   Coherence:      Seconds to minutes
   Readout:        Fluorescence
   Control:        Lasers
   Scalability:    Good (IonQ, Quantinuum)
   Cost:           $500,000+
   Maturity:       High

   ✓ Best for: High-fidelity computation
   ✓ Advantage: Best coherence times

Why We Focus on NV-Centers

NV-Center Advantages
====================

ACCESSIBILITY
─────────────
□ Works at room temperature (20-30°C)
□ Tolerates temperature variations
□ Can even operate at 80°C+ in some conditions
□ No vacuum required
□ Desktop-scale setup

COST
────
□ Basic system: $2,000 - $5,000
□ Research-grade: $10,000 - $50,000
□ No cryogenics needed ($0 helium costs!)
□ Standard optical/microwave components
□ DIY-buildable

PHYSICS
───────
□ Well-understood since 1960s
□ Thousands of research papers
□ Clear theory-to-experiment mapping
□ Single-qubit operations demonstrated
□ Multi-qubit systems emerging

EDUCATION
─────────
□ Perfect for learning quantum mechanics
□ Visible readout (you can see it work!)
□ Intuitive pulse sequences
□ Bridge from theory to hardware

---

Part 4: Why NV-Center Diamond is the "Transistor Moment"

The invention of the transistor in 1947 at Bell Labs didn't immediately create the computer revolution. But it was the moment that made everything possible.

NV-center diamond technology is having its transistor moment right now.

What Is an NV Center?

Diamond is made of carbon atoms arranged in a perfect crystal lattice. An NV center is a specific defect in this lattice:

Diamond Crystal Structure
=========================

Perfect diamond lattice:

    C ─── C ─── C ─── C
    │     │     │     │
    C ─── C ─── C ─── C     C = Carbon atom
    │     │     │     │
    C ─── C ─── C ─── C
    │     │     │     │
    C ─── C ─── C ─── C


With NV Center defect:

    C ─── C ─── C ─── C
    │     │     │     │
    C ─── N ─── V ─── C     N = Nitrogen atom
    │     │     │     │     V = Vacancy (missing atom)
    C ─── C ─── C ─── C
    │     │     │     │     Together: NV Center = 1 QUBIT
    C ─── C ─── C ─── C

How It Works as a Qubit

The NV center traps an extra electron. This electron has a property called spin - essentially a tiny quantum magnet that can point "up" or "down."

Electron Spin = Quantum Information
===================================

Classical bit:     0  OR  1    (one state at a time)

Electron spin:     ↑  OR  ↓    OR  ↑↓ (superposition!)
                  |0⟩    |1⟩      α|0⟩ + β|1⟩


In the NV center:

     │
     N
    /│\
   / │ \
  V  │  C
     │
     ●  ← Trapped electron
     │      Its SPIN is our qubit!
     │
   ↑ or ↓ or both!

The Magic: Optical Readout at Room Temperature

Here's what makes NV centers special - you can see the qubit state with light:

Optical Readout Mechanism
=========================

Step 1: Shine green laser (532nm) on the NV center

          ══════════
          Green laser
          ══════════
              │
              ▼
        ┌─────────────┐
        │   DIAMOND   │
        │    (NV)     │
        └─────────────┘
              │
              ▼
          Red glow!
         (637-750nm)

Step 2: Count the red photons

        If electron spin = |0⟩  →  BRIGHT (more photons)
        If electron spin = |1⟩  →  DIM (fewer photons)

        Brightness difference = ~30%
        This is measurable with standard detectors!

Why does this work?
───────────────────
The |0⟩ and |1⟩ states have different
relaxation pathways. The |1⟩ state has
a higher probability of non-radiative
decay through a "dark" metastable state.

Temperature Stability

NV Center vs Superconducting Qubit: Temperature
================================================

Superconducting Qubit:
──────────────────────
Operating temp:     15 mK (-273.135°C)
Temp tolerance:     ±0.001°C
Reason:             Thermal energy destroys
                    superconducting state

NV Center:
──────────
Operating temp:     300 K (27°C) - ROOM TEMP!
Temp tolerance:     ±50°C or more
Reason:             Spin states are protected
                    by the diamond lattice

The diamond lattice "shields" the electron spin
from thermal noise. The energy gap between spin
states is small enough to manipulate with microwaves
but large enough to be stable against thermal
fluctuations at room temperature.

This is the key insight:
────────────────────────
You don't need cryogenic temperatures
to have quantum coherence!

---

Part 5: What We'll Build - System Overview

Over this 4-part series, we'll design and understand every component of a room-temperature quantum processor.

Complete System Architecture

Room-Temperature NV Quantum Processor
=====================================

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    CLASSICAL COMPUTER                        │
│                    (Your Laptop/PC)                          │
│  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│  │  Software Stack:                                       │ │
│  │  • Python control scripts                              │ │
│  │  • Pulse sequence generator                            │ │
│  │  • Data acquisition & analysis                         │ │
│  │  • Quantum algorithm implementation                    │ │
│  └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                          │
                          │ USB / Serial
                          ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    CONTROL ELECTRONICS                        │
│                                                               │
│  ┌─────────────┐  ┌──────────────┐  ┌─────────────────────┐ │
│  │   Arduino/  │  │  Microwave   │  │   Laser Driver      │ │
│  │   FPGA      │──│  Generator   │  │   (TTL control)     │ │
│  │   Timing    │  │  2.87 GHz    │  │                     │ │
│  └─────────────┘  └──────┬───────┘  └──────────┬──────────┘ │
│                          │                      │            │
└──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼────────────┘
                           │                      │
                           ▼                      ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                      OPTICAL TABLE                            │
│  (Can be a small breadboard)                                  │
│                                                               │
│    ┌─────────┐                                               │
│    │  GREEN  │  532nm DPSS laser                             │
│    │  LASER  │  (50-100mW)                                   │
│    └────┬────┘                                               │
│         │                                                    │
│         ▼                                                    │
│    ┌─────────┐                                               │
│    │Dichroic │  Reflects green, transmits red                │
│    │ Mirror  │──────────────────────────┐                    │
│    └────┬────┘                          │                    │
│         │                               ▼                    │
│         ▼                          ┌─────────┐               │
│    ┌─────────┐                     │Bandpass │               │
│    │Objective│                     │ Filter  │               │
│    │  Lens   │                     │650-750nm│               │
│    └────┬────┘                     └────┬────┘               │
│         │                               │                    │
│         ▼                               ▼                    │
│    ╔═════════╗                     ┌─────────┐               │
│    ║ DIAMOND ║ ◄── THE QUBIT! ──►  │   APD   │  Photon      │
│    ║   NV    ║                     │Detector │  Counter     │
│    ╚════╤════╝                     └─────────┘               │
│         │                                                    │
│    ┌────┴────┐                                               │
│    │Microwave│  Loop antenna or stripline                    │
│    │ Antenna │  Near the diamond                             │
│    └─────────┘                                               │
│                                                               │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Bill of Materials Preview

Estimated Component Costs
=========================

OPTICAL SYSTEM                           ~$800 - $1,500
────────────────
Green DPSS laser (532nm, 50-100mW)        $200 - $400
Dichroic mirror (longpass 550nm)          $100 - $150
Objective lens (40x, NA 0.65)             $150 - $300
Bandpass filter (650-750nm)               $80 - $120
Optical mounts and posts                  $200 - $400
APD photodetector                         $70 - $130*

*Note: Professional APDs cost $300-600, but
 hobbyist-grade silicon photodiodes ($20-50)
 can work for basic experiments.


MICROWAVE SYSTEM                         ~$750 - $1,400
────────────────
Signal generator (2.87 GHz)               $500 - $1,000
RF amplifier (+30dB, 1-4 GHz)             $200 - $400
Cables and connectors                     $50 - $100
Microwave antenna (custom)                $0 - $100


DIAMOND AND MOUNTING                     ~$200 - $600
────────────────────
NV diamond sample                         $100 - $500
Sample holder                             $50 - $100
XYZ positioning stage (manual)            $100 - $300**

**Optional: Use simple optical mounts initially


CONTROL ELECTRONICS                      ~$200 - $400
───────────────────
Arduino/FPGA timing board                 $50 - $200
DAQ or photon counter                     $100 - $300***
Power supplies                            $50 - $100

***Can use Arduino for basic counting


TOTAL ESTIMATED COST: $2,000 - $5,000
=====================================

Compare to:
• Superconducting system: $10,000,000+
• Trapped ion system: $500,000+
• Commercial NV system: $100,000+

The Four-Part Journey

Blog Series Roadmap
===================

PART 1: Introduction (This Post)
─────────────────────────────────
✓ Why room-temperature quantum matters
✓ The NV-center approach
✓ System overview
✓ What we'll build

PART 2: The Physics (Next Post)
───────────────────────────────
• Diamond structure and band gap
• NV center energy levels
• Electron spin dynamics
• Coherence and decoherence
• Mathematical foundations

PART 3: Hardware Build Guide
────────────────────────────
• Detailed component selection
• Optical path construction
• Microwave system setup
• Diamond sample preparation
• Safety considerations
• Testing and calibration

PART 4: Software & Your First Algorithm
───────────────────────────────────────
• Software architecture
• Pulse sequence programming
• Quantum gate implementation
• Running Deutsch's algorithm
• Integration with Qiskit
• Next steps and scaling

---

Part 6: The Vision - Democratizing Quantum Computing

Why This Matters Beyond the Lab

The ability to build a quantum processor for $2,000-5,000 changes everything:

Who Can Now Access Quantum Computing
====================================

BEFORE (Cryogenic Only):
────────────────────────
□ Major tech companies (Google, IBM, Microsoft)
□ Top 50 research universities
□ Government labs (NIST, national labs)
□ Well-funded startups ($10M+ raised)
Total: ~200 groups worldwide

AFTER (Room-Temperature NV):
────────────────────────────
□ Any university physics department
□ Community colleges
□ High schools (with funding)
□ Makerspaces and hackerspaces
□ Garage hobbyists
□ Startups on a budget
□ Developing country researchers
□ Independent scientists
Total: Potentially millions of people

Educational Revolution

Learning Quantum Computing Today vs Tomorrow
============================================

TODAY:
──────
Student: "I want to learn quantum computing"
Reality: - Run simulations on laptop (not real quantum)
         - Wait for cloud queue on IBM (hours to days)
         - Never touch actual hardware
         - Theory remains abstract

TOMORROW (with Room-Temp Systems):
──────────────────────────────────
Student: "I want to learn quantum computing"
Reality: - Build system in physics lab
         - See the green laser, red fluorescence
         - Hear the microwave pulse
         - Watch the qubit flip in real-time
         - Debug actual quantum hardware
         - Theory becomes tangible!

Research Implications

New Research Possibilities
==========================

SENSING & METROLOGY
───────────────────
NV centers are extremely sensitive to:
• Magnetic fields (single electron spin detection)
• Electric fields
• Temperature
• Strain

Applications:
• Brain imaging (magnetoencephalography)
• Material defect detection
• Geological surveys
• Single molecule NMR

QUANTUM NETWORKS
────────────────
Room-temp operation enables:
• Quantum repeaters without cryogenics
• Desktop quantum network nodes
• Practical quantum internet infrastructure

HYBRID SYSTEMS
──────────────
Combining NV centers with:
• Superconducting qubits (at interfaces)
• Mechanical oscillators
• Photonic circuits
• Other spin systems

---

Part 7: Current State of NV-Center Technology

Who's Building What

NV-Center Research and Industry (2026)
======================================

ACADEMIC LEADERS
────────────────
Harvard (Lukin group):
• Pioneered many NV techniques
• Multi-qubit entanglement demos
• Quantum networking with NV

MIT:
• NV-based sensing
• Integration with photonics

Delft (Netherlands):
• Loophole-free Bell test with NV
• Long-distance entanglement

Stuttgart (Germany):
• Single NV manipulation
• Nanoscale magnetometry

COMMERCIAL PLAYERS
──────────────────
Qnami (Switzerland):
• Scanning NV microscopes
• Quantum sensing products

QZabre (Switzerland):
• NV magnetometry systems
• Industrial applications

NVision Imaging (Germany):
• NV-based MRI enhancement
• Medical applications

Element Six (De Beers):
• Diamond substrate supplier
• Engineered NV samples

EMERGING STARTUPS
─────────────────
Multiple startups working on:
• Integrated NV photonics
• Scalable NV arrays
• Room-temp quantum memory

Current Capabilities and Limitations

What NV Systems Can Do Today
============================

DEMONSTRATED CAPABILITIES
─────────────────────────
✓ Single-qubit operations (X, Y, Z, H gates)
✓ High-fidelity gates (>99% for single qubit)
✓ Long coherence times (1.8s with isotopic C-12)
✓ Optical initialization and readout
✓ Two-qubit entanglement (between nearby NVs)
✓ Entanglement over 1.3 km (Delft experiment)
✓ Quantum error correction demos
✓ Hybrid entanglement with photons

CURRENT LIMITATIONS
───────────────────
○ Scaling to many qubits (main challenge)
○ Two-qubit gate fidelity (~95-97%)
○ Deterministic multi-qubit coupling
○ Manufacturing uniformity
○ Readout speed (µs timescale)

ACTIVE RESEARCH AREAS
─────────────────────
• Nanophotonic integration for better readout
• Strain tuning for qubit addressing
• Nuclear spin registers for memory
• Cavity QED for stronger coupling
• Surface chemistry for longer coherence

---

Part 8: Prerequisites for This Build

Before diving into the hardware (Part 3), let's ensure you have the background needed.

Essential Knowledge

What You Should Know
====================

PHYSICS FUNDAMENTALS
────────────────────
□ Basic quantum mechanics concepts
  - Superposition
  - Measurement
  - Spin-1/2 systems
□ Understanding of:
  - Photons and light
  - Electromagnetic waves
  - Energy levels

Don't worry - Part 2 will cover the
specific NV physics in detail!


ELECTRONICS BASICS
──────────────────
□ Ohm's law (V = IR)
□ Basic circuit reading
□ Using a multimeter
□ Arduino or FPGA familiarity helpful
□ RF/microwave concepts (we'll explain)


OPTICS BASICS
─────────────
□ Reflection and refraction
□ Lenses and focusing
□ Understanding of wavelengths
□ No advanced optics needed


PROGRAMMING
───────────
□ Python fundamentals
□ NumPy basics
□ Serial communication (pyserial)
□ Plotting (matplotlib)


PRACTICAL SKILLS
────────────────
□ Careful assembly work
□ Soldering (basic)
□ Following safety protocols
□ Patience for alignment!

Safety First

Safety Considerations (Preview)
===============================

LASER SAFETY ⚠️
───────────────
• We use Class 3B lasers (50-100mW)
• Can cause PERMANENT eye damage
• Never look into beam or reflections
• Laser goggles REQUIRED (OD 4+ at 532nm)
• Interlock systems recommended

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
─────────────────
• High-frequency RF can cause burns
• Proper grounding essential
• No exposed connections when operating
• RF safety training recommended

CHEMICAL SAFETY (for diamond prep)
──────────────────────────────────
• Some cleaning requires acids
• Proper PPE and ventilation
• Follow MSDS guidelines

We'll cover all safety protocols in
detail in Part 3.

---

Part 9: Comparison to Cloud Quantum Access

Why Build Your Own?

You might ask: "Why build hardware when I can use IBM Quantum for free?"

Cloud Quantum vs DIY NV System
==============================

IBM QUANTUM (Cloud)
───────────────────
Pros:
+ Free access to real quantum hardware
+ More qubits available
+ No hardware hassle
+ Error correction research possible

Cons:
- Queue times (minutes to hours)
- No hardware understanding gained
- Limited pulse-level control
- Can't modify or experiment freely
- Dependent on service availability


DIY NV SYSTEM
─────────────
Pros:
+ Full hardware understanding
+ Immediate access (no queue)
+ Complete pulse-level control
+ Modify anything you want
+ Learn by building
+ Educational value immense
+ Sensing applications possible
+ Foundation for advanced work

Cons:
- Limited to 1-2 qubits initially
- Requires assembly and calibration
- Upfront cost (~$2-5k)
- Maintenance responsibility


VERDICT
───────
Both have their place!

For learning algorithms: Use IBM Quantum
For understanding hardware: Build your own
For sensing applications: DIY is the only option
For maximum learning: Do both!

---

Part 10: Getting Started Today

While waiting for Parts 2-4, here's what you can do:

Immediate Actions

Preparation Checklist
=====================

□ LEARN THE BASICS
  Read: "Quantum Computing: An Applied Approach" (Hidary)
  Watch: IBM Qiskit tutorials on YouTube
  Do: Complete Qiskit textbook exercises

□ UNDERSTAND NV CENTERS
  Read: Wikipedia article on NV centers
  Watch: Academic lectures on YouTube
  Papers: Search "NV center quantum" on arXiv

□ GATHER RESOURCES
  Bookmark suppliers:
  • Thorlabs (optics)
  • Edmund Optics (optics)
  • Mini-Circuits (RF components)
  • Windfreak Technologies (signal generators)
  • Element Six (diamond samples)

□ ASSESS YOUR LAB SPACE
  Need: Stable table, minimal vibration
  Need: Ability to darken room
  Need: Standard electrical outlets
  Nice: Optical table or breadboard

□ BUDGET PLANNING
  Minimum viable: ~$2,000
  Comfortable: ~$3,500
  Research-grade: ~$5,000+

□ SAFETY PREPARATION
  Order: Laser safety goggles (OD 4+ @ 532nm)
  Review: Laser safety protocols
  Plan: Emergency procedures

Community and Resources

Where to Learn More
===================

ONLINE COMMUNITIES
──────────────────
• Qiskit Slack (large, active)
• Quantum Computing Stack Exchange
• r/QuantumComputing (Reddit)
• r/QuantumPhysics (Reddit)

RESEARCH PAPERS (Start Here)
────────────────────────────
• Doherty et al., "The nitrogen-vacancy
  colour centre in diamond" (Physics Reports, 2013)
  → The definitive NV review paper

• Childress & Hanson, "Diamond NV centers
  for quantum computing and networks"
  (MRS Bulletin, 2013)

• Bradley et al., "A Ten-Qubit Solid-State
  Spin Register" (PRX, 2019)

YOUTUBE CHANNELS
────────────────
• IBM Quantum
• Qiskit
• Looking Glass Universe
• MinutePhysics (for basics)

BOOKS
─────
• "Quantum Computing: An Applied Approach" - Hidary
• "Programming Quantum Computers" - Johnston et al.
• "Exploring Quantum Physics" - Kaiser

---

Conclusion: The Quantum Garage Revolution

The personal computer revolution didn't start in corporate labs - it started in garages. Steve Wozniak built the Apple I at home. Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in a garage.

Quantum computing is at its garage moment. The technology exists to build real quantum hardware without billion-dollar facilities. NV-center diamond systems offer a path from theory to practice that's accessible to hobbyists, students, and small labs.

This series will take you through:

1. Part 1 (This post): Why room-temperature quantum matters 2. Part 2: The physics of NV centers - deep but accessible 3. Part 3: Complete hardware build guide 4. Part 4: Software and running your first quantum algorithm

By the end, you'll understand not just how to build a quantum processor, but why each component is necessary and what quantum mechanical principles make it work.

The quantum revolution isn't just for the big players anymore.

It's time to bring it home.

---

Next in This Series

Part 2: NV-Center Diamond Physics - The Science Behind Room-Temp Qubits

In the next post, we'll dive deep into:

• Diamond's unique crystal structure
• NV center energy levels and transitions
• Electron spin physics
• Coherence time and decoherence mechanisms
• The mathematics of qubit manipulation

Related Articles

• Quantum Computing Explained: Complete Beginner's Guide 2026 - Start here if you're new to quantum
• QuantumShield: Post-Quantum Cryptography - Preparing for the quantum threat
• QAuth: Post-Quantum Authentication Protocol - Quantum-resistant authentication

References

Foundational Papers:

• Doherty, M.W., et al. "The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond." Physics Reports 528.1 (2013): 1-45.
• Childress, L., & Hanson, R. "Diamond NV centers for quantum computing and networks." MRS Bulletin 38.2 (2013): 134-138.

• Bradley, C.E., et al. "A Ten-Qubit Solid-State Spin Register with Quantum Memory up to One Minute." Physical Review X 9.3 (2019): 031045.
• Pompili, M., et al. "Realization of a multinode quantum network of remote solid-state qubits." Science 372.6539 (2021): 259-264.

• Nielsen, M.A., & Chuang, I.L. "Quantum Computation and Quantum Information." Cambridge University Press (2010).

Part 1 of 4 in the Room-Temperature Quantum Computing series. Last updated: February 2, 2026.